Oil and Gas

The upstream oil and gas sector (aka exploration and production or “E&P”) comprises companies that possess specialized expertise in the identification, development, and production of crude oil and natural gas (both dry liquid gas) hydrocarbons. Upstream operating companies engage in the acquisition and development of hydrocarbon reserves via drilling wells, thereby producing and recovering valuable subsurface natural resources. 

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The midstream sector involves the transportation, processing, marketing and delivery of crude oil and natural gas via pipelines (both wellhead gathering and medium- and long-haul pipelines). Additional midstream infrastructure investments involve the storing (in above-ground and below-ground) terminals, transporting pre-processing and refined products via pipelines, barges, or tankers to refineries, LNG facilities, utilities, retail distributors, and other end users. Midstream companies serve a vital link between upstream and downstream operations. These activities ensure the smooth flow of resources throughout the entire petroleum supply chain.

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Downstream oil and gas production companies are essential for refining crude oil into gasoline, jet fuels, vehicle and other oils, specialty lubricants, as well as the processing, separation, and purification of natural gas (methane) and natural gas liquids (propane, ethane and condensates) for consumption by end users. As a result, the downstream sector includes diverse entities such as crude oil refineries, petroleum product separators and distributors, petrochemical plants, natural gas processors, purifiers, factionators, distributors, and retail outlets. They play a vital role in refining and distributing essential products, including diesel, natural gas, gasoline, heating oil, speciality lubricants, ethanes, purified polypropylenes, propane, liquified natural gas (LNG), petrochemicals such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, detergents, plastics, and polyesters, among many other goods vital for maintaining human sustainability, security, and efficiency. Their operations span from post-transportation to the end-user point of sale, ensuring the availability of high-quality products to meet consumer demands.

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Hydrocarbon- or molecule-related alternative energy comprises energy sources that are renewable in the sense that they do not directly require the depletion of natural resource reserves. Such sources include renewable natural gas (RNG) (e.g., from food waste, dairy or other farming environments, landfill gas, etc.), biofuels (algae or other plant-based fuel sources, sustainable aviation fuel, wood pulp or other biomass fuels, etc.), carbon capture and storage; hydrogen as fuel; ammonia, and many others. These molecule-related alternative energy sources may provide replacement fuels and/or are adjacent to traditional oil and gas energies.

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